Contrainte qui représente les croyances, conventions et connaissances du monde que partagent les locuteurs d’une même communauté sociolinguistique et que, consciemment ou non, le traducteur mobilise au moment de la réexpression.

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1- L’univers du discours est une contrainte interne, au même titre que les langues et la poétique. 

2- Dans , univers de connaissances et  univers de référence sont considérés comme des synonymes d’univers du discours. 

Constraint that refers to the sum total of the elements that pertain to the beliefs, conventions, and knowledge shared by the speakers of a given sociolinguistic community and which translators use either consciously or unconsciously when they reexpress discourse content in the target language.

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In most cases, translators have to strike a balance between the Universe of Discourse […] as acceptable to the author of the original, and that other Universe of Discourse which is acceptable and familiar to the translator and his or her audience (Lefevere, 2004b, p. 35). Translators usually do not reject outright, but decide to rewrite on the level of both content and style.
During rewriting, translators’ attitudes toward the Universe of Discourse is heavily influenced by the status of the original, the self-image of the culture that text is translated into, the types of texts deemed acceptable in that culture, the levels of diction deemed acceptable in it, the intended audience, and the “cultural scripts” that audience is used to or willing to accept (Lefevere, 2004a, p. 87). 

Rewriting is subject to certain ‘intra-systemic’ constraints: language, the universe of discourse and poetics; it is also subject to the influence of regulatory forces, namely, the professionals within the literary system, and patronage operating from outside the system. Both types of constraint operate as ‘control factors’ in Lefevere’s model.

Phénomènes inhérents à l’activité traduisante dont on ne trouve pas trace en langue originale mais que l’on peut observer en langue traduite, indépendamment de la langue source et de la langue cible, du type de texte traduit ou encore de l’identité du traducteur.

Les tendances déformantes sont au fond la même chose que les universaux [de traduction], mais pour ces derniers, ce qui est mis en relief, c’est leur caractère récurrent, indépendant des langues et des individus, tandis que pour les premières, un jugement de valeur (négatif) s’impose implicitement.

Mona Baker identifie quatre principaux universaux de traduction : la simplification, l’explicitation, la normalisation ou conventionalisation et le nivellement.

Features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and are thought to be independent of the influence of the specific language pairs involved in the process of translation.

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Deforming tendencies are basically the same as [translation] universals. But for the latter, the emphasis is put on their recurrent nature, regardless of languages and individuals, while for the former, a (negative) judgement is implicitly expressed. 

1- According to Mona Baker, there are four universals namely simplification, explicitation, normalisation (called conservatism by Baker) and leveling out. 

2- Simplification, explicitation and normalization are probably three of the most investigated so-called universal features, referring to the tendency of translators to use simpler words and syntax, to make explicit what is implicit in the source text and to conform to the typical characteristics of the target language respectively.